Between 1797 and 1814, Naples and the Ionian Islands crossed paths multiple times and in different ways. As the last bastion of the Venetian maritime state, the archipelago had represented, throughout the 18th century, a stronghold for the entire Italian peninsula towards the Balkans. It is not surprising, therefore, that at Campoformio, the court of Naples tried – unsuccessfully – to take advantage of the Venetian collapse by asking the young General Bonaparte for the Ionian Islands in exchange for the island of Elba and the Tuscan Presidii. An appointment, that between the kingdom and the islands, only postponed. In 1806, at the dawn of the French Decade, a Neapolitan subject of Albanian origin and resident in Corfu, Michele Gicca, assumed the role of secret consul for the Kingdom of Naples. Following the Treaty of Tilsit in 1807, which marked the transfer of the Ionian archipelago to France, it was Napoleon himself who placed the islands under the control of his brother Joseph, King of Naples. However, it was not a political control but a military one: the islands were an integral part of the empire, but Joseph, as commander-in-chief of the Neapolitan army, assumed their management. The archipelago thus became a strategically important point for France, managed under a sort of military regime through a general governorship, with César Berthier and François-Xavier Donzelot succeeding each other in this role. Napoleon's abdication in 1814 and the advance of the British in the Ionian space closed this phase, opening a new path for the archipelago, no longer tied to the Italian peninsula, but to the Greek one.
Tra il 1797 e il 1814 Napoli e le isole Ionie incrociarono più volte e in modo diverso i propri destini. Ultimo baluardo dello Stato da mar veneziano, l’arcipelago aveva rappresentato, per tutto il XVIII secolo, un baluardo per l’intera penisola italiana verso i Balcani. Non stupisce, dunque, che a Campoformio la corte di Napoli cercò – senza successo – di approfittare del disfacimento veneto chiedendo al giovane generale Bonaparte le Ionie in cambio dell’isola d’Elba e dei Presìdi di Toscana. Un appuntamento, quello tra il regno e le isole, solo rimandato. Nel 1806, all’alba del Decennio francese, fu un suddito napoletano di origine albanese e residente a Corfù, Michele Gicca, ad assumere il ruolo di console segreto per il Regno di Napoli. A seguito della pace di Tilsit del 1807, che sancì il passaggio dell’arcipelago ionico alla Francia, fu lo stesso Napoleone a porre le isole sotto il controllo del fratello Giuseppe, Re di Napoli. Un controllo, tuttavia, non politico ma militare: le isole erano parte integrante dell’impero, ma Giuseppe, come comandante in capo dell’esercito napoletano, ne assumeva la gestione. L’arcipelago si trasformò quindi in un punto strategico di grande rilievo per la Francia, gestito in una sorta di regime militare attraverso un governatore generale, ruolo in cui si succedettero César Berthier e François-Xavier Donzelot. L’abdicazione di Napoleone nel 1814 e l’avanzata inglese nello spazio ionico chiusero questa fase, aprendo per l’arcipelago una nuova strada legata non più alla penisola italiana, ma a quella greca.
Napoli, Corfù e le Isole ionie. Incroci e connessioni in età napoleonica
Antonio D'Onofrio
2023-01-01
Abstract
Between 1797 and 1814, Naples and the Ionian Islands crossed paths multiple times and in different ways. As the last bastion of the Venetian maritime state, the archipelago had represented, throughout the 18th century, a stronghold for the entire Italian peninsula towards the Balkans. It is not surprising, therefore, that at Campoformio, the court of Naples tried – unsuccessfully – to take advantage of the Venetian collapse by asking the young General Bonaparte for the Ionian Islands in exchange for the island of Elba and the Tuscan Presidii. An appointment, that between the kingdom and the islands, only postponed. In 1806, at the dawn of the French Decade, a Neapolitan subject of Albanian origin and resident in Corfu, Michele Gicca, assumed the role of secret consul for the Kingdom of Naples. Following the Treaty of Tilsit in 1807, which marked the transfer of the Ionian archipelago to France, it was Napoleon himself who placed the islands under the control of his brother Joseph, King of Naples. However, it was not a political control but a military one: the islands were an integral part of the empire, but Joseph, as commander-in-chief of the Neapolitan army, assumed their management. The archipelago thus became a strategically important point for France, managed under a sort of military regime through a general governorship, with César Berthier and François-Xavier Donzelot succeeding each other in this role. Napoleon's abdication in 1814 and the advance of the British in the Ionian space closed this phase, opening a new path for the archipelago, no longer tied to the Italian peninsula, but to the Greek one.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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