Continuity and change in ceramic production of the Islamic period in the Middle Nile Valley. The cases of Sennar and Al Khandaq

Abstract This research investigates the continuity and change in ceramic production during the Islamic period in Sudan, focusing specifically on the archaeological sites of Sennar and Al-Khandaq. These sites, located along key trade routes in the Middle Nile Valley, provide a rich material culture that reflects the technological, social, and economic shifts of the region. The main objective of the study is to analyze the ceramic assemblages from these sites, developing a typology of the Islamic period ceramics and examining the impact of Islamic influences on local pottery traditions. The study employs a combination of fieldwork, laboratory analysis, and comparative methods to examine the ceramics. Excavations at Sennar and Al-Khandaq allowed for the documentation of ceramic materials, while fabric analysis and morphological classification facilitated the identification of key pottery types. Additionally, the research examines the technological aspects of pottery production, including raw materials, manufacturing techniques, and surface treatments. The findings reveal both continuity and innovation in ceramic production. At Sennar, pottery remained largely traditional, characterized by hand-made forms and simple decoration. In contrast, Al-Khandaq exhibited more sophisticated manufacturing techniques, including the use of the potter’s wheel and more varied surface treatments. These findings suggest that while Islamic influence introduced some changes, many local traditions persisted. This study contributes to the understanding of the Islamic period in Sudan by exploring the role of ceramics in daily life and cultural exchange. It also provides new insights into the technological and cultural dynamics of the Middle Nile Valley during a period of significant transition.